In the reduction of undermining crime in the Netherlands, the role of local government has become more important over the past decade. One of the means used for this is Article 13b of the Opium Act (the Damocles Act). That has evolved from a way of closing down local dealer properties to a means of disrupting the criminal drug world. In this article we analyse the developments that the application of the article has gone through. We make an inventory of the actual use of the article in a region known as one of the hotbeds of subversive crime in the Netherlands, the region of West and Central Brabant. Finally, we will discuss the consequences that application of the article has for the position of the mayor. Does this lead to a mayorship in which this officer becomes more of a ‘sheriff’ and less of a mayor? We show that this is not the case. |
Zoekresultaat: 1884 artikelen
Artikel |
De toepassing van artikel 13b Opiumwet en de positie van de burgemeesterDe praktijk in Midden- en West-Brabant |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift voor Veiligheid, Aflevering 3 2021 |
Trefwoorden | local government, undermining crime, position of mayor, development of Opium Act (art. 13b) |
Auteurs | Pieter Tops en Jan-Piet de Vries |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
Voorbij de horizon |
Bauhaus, moderniteit en de Unrechtstaat |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit, Aflevering 2 2021 |
Trefwoorden | Bauhaus, National Socialism, architecture, Bauhäusler |
Auteurs | Martina Althoff |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
The article discusses the connection between Bauhaus, a modern art and architecture school founded in 1919, and National Socialism. The central question is to what extent modern ideas about art and culture, architecture and modern life went hand in hand with the emerging and assertive National Socialist ideas. In the review of an art and architecture collection, activities of famous Bauhaus figures are traced in order to discuss the Bauhaus myth. Accordingly, it must be concluded that neutrality of art and architecture does not exist and Bauhaus modernity was not incompatible with National Socialism. |
Artikel |
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Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit, Aflevering 2 2021 |
Trefwoorden | art crime, hidden art, forgeries, looting, restitution |
Auteurs | Marc Cools en Dina Siegel |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
Art crime, related to the existence of hidden art, appears in the legal and illegal art market. In the criminal ‘artopolis’ especially iconoclasm, forgeries and looting are longstanding phenomena. Today they are subject to the debate on art restitution. |
Artikel |
Vernieling en plundering als iconoclasme en bron voor illegale handel in antiquiteiten |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit, Aflevering 2 2021 |
Trefwoorden | iconoclasm, looting, antiquities, illicit antiquities trade, Islamic State |
Auteurs | Mathias Desmet |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
During the conflict in Syria and Iraq, Islamic State demolished and looted countless cultural heritage sites and the statues therein, as well as archaeological sites and museums. These acts of iconoclasm, broadly shown in propaganda videos, were aimed at erasing the cultural identity of the population. Additionally, the destruction and looting were also a means to obtain antiquities that could be sold in order to bring in revenues. This article tries to explain the iconoclasm and illicit antiquities trade constructed by Islamic State and how they were related. |
Artikel |
Nico Gunzburg en het ‘Moskou-Archief’ |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit, Aflevering 2 2021 |
Trefwoorden | Nico Gunzburg, freemasonry, Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg, Moscow-archive, restitution |
Auteurs | Marc Cools |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
In 1938, Nico (or Niko) Gunzburg founded the Institute of Criminology at Ghent University. |
Artikel |
Misdaad tegen de kunst?De Russische avant-gardewereld |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit, Aflevering 2 2021 |
Trefwoorden | avant-garde, art smuggling, clandestine collections, criminalisation, forgeries |
Auteurs | Dina Siegel |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
The Russian avant-garde world serves as an empirical example of the embeddedness of criminal actors (fraudsters, smugglers, thieves) in the legal art market of curators, collectors and museum directors. The article discusses various dilemmas regarding the interpretation of criminal activities in the art world. Is the smuggling of ‘forbidden art’ from the Soviet Union a patriotic act or a crime? Why do world-famous museums exhibit forgeries? What are the financial and judicial consequences of a lack of consensus between art experts? |
Artikel |
The Belgian debate on restitution since 2018A perspective on the political acts shaping |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit, Aflevering 2 2021 |
Trefwoorden | restitution of cultural heritage, Belgium, decolonisation, return |
Auteurs | Yasmina Zian |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
This article analyses political discourses in the light of the vocabulary and suggestions contained in the parliamentary resolutions proposed in 2019 dealing with the restitution. It appears that the discourses are committed but the developed suggestions are mild. This apparent contradiction can be explained through Hanna Pitkin’s work on political representation. Using this analysis, two reflections are proposed in the conclusion: one on the Belgian case with regards to the European context and the other on the current expectations of society. |
Essay |
Voor roem of fortuinVervalsingen van archeologische objecten |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit, Aflevering 2 2021 |
Trefwoorden | archaeological forgery, James Ossuary, Shroud of Turin, Piltdown Man Skull, Archaeoraptor Fossil |
Auteurs | Noah Charney |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
This paper looks at a selection of famous forgeries of archaeological objects – the James Ossuary, the Shroud of Turin, the Piltdown Man Skull and the Archaeoraptor Fossil – to consider how these artefacts were falsified for personal benefit, whether in terms of fame or finance. The Shroud of Turin was identified as a forgery as early as 1389, and yet the value in terms of income from pilgrims was such that it continued to be displayed and venerated. The James Ossuary was forged for profit and notoriety, to gain renown and then to sell. The Piltdown Man Skull was one of many alleged forgeries by a man who sought renown by finding the ‘missing link’ that proved the Darwinian theory of evolution from ape to homo erectus. The same motivation drove the scientists who tried to pass off the Archaeoraptor Fossil as the ‘missing link’ that proved the relation of dinosaurs and birds. |
Discussie |
Het verdienmodel drugs en de vooruitziende blik van de commissie-HulsmanKort verhaal over een Inquisitie |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit, Aflevering 2 2021 |
Auteurs | Peter Cohen |
Auteursinformatie |
Artikel |
Procedurele rechtvaardigheid in de strafrechtketenHoe ervaren gedetineerden de bejegening door strafrechtactoren? |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift voor Criminologie, Aflevering 3 2021 |
Trefwoorden | procedural justice, treatment, multiple criminal justice authorities, criminal justice system |
Auteurs | Matthias van Hall, Anja Dirkzwager, Peter van der Laan e.a. |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
It has been proposed that when people perceive their treatment by criminal justice actors as more procedurally just, they will be more likely to comply with the law. Existing research mainly focused on the police or the judge. This longitudinal study examined how prisoners experienced their treatment by five different criminal justice actors using data from the Prison Project. The prisoners were most positive about the procedurally fair treatment by their lawyer and least positive about the treatment by the police. Additionally, the perceived treatment by the police was associated with the treatment by other actors at subsequent moments. |
Artikel |
De Scheldestad of Manhattan aan de Maas? Een vergelijkende analyse van de Antwerpse en Rotterdamse havens bij de in- en doorvoer van cocaïne |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift voor Criminologie, Aflevering 2 2021 |
Trefwoorden | cocaine trafficking, Transnational organized crime, Corruption, public-private partnership, routine activity approach |
Auteurs | Richard Staring, Lieselot Bisschop, Charlotte Colman e.a. |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
The ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp are among the main European ports of entry for the import and further distribution of cocaine. Earlier research underlines the interchangeability of these ports regarding the criminal networks trafficking cocaine into Europe. In this contribution, the interchangeability of these European sea ports regarding cocaine trafficking is questioned. Based on empirical research, and applying the routine activity approach, the Port of Rotterdam and the Port of Antwerp are compared with respect to their physical characteristics, the potential, motivated offenders, as well as the existing public and private security measures. |
Discussie |
Fear of drowning by numbers?Omzetberekeningen van synthetische-drugsproductie in Nederland |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift voor Criminologie, Aflevering 2 2021 |
Trefwoorden | Drug trafficking, Organized Crime, Turnover Estimates |
Auteurs | Judith van Valkenhoef en Pieter Tops |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
In 2018 we published a report on the production of synthetic drugs in the Netherlands. We calculated the turnover of synthetic drugs produced in the Netherlands in 2017; we estimated it to be at least 18.9 billion euro (worldwide, street prices). In this article, we will discuss how these calculations were executed and on which assumptions they were based. We describe the responses to these calculations, nationally and internationally. Finally, we describe problems we encountered when performing a repetition of the calculations for the year 2018. Our central message is: drug turnover calculations can be an important addition to scientific and political discussions about illicit drugs, provided they are presented in a transparent way and acknowledging the inherent limitations of these calculations. |
Artikel |
Open heimelijke netwerken in de Nederlandstalige georganiseerde synthetische-drugscriminaliteit |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift voor Criminologie, Aflevering 2 2021 |
Trefwoorden | synthetic drugs, poly-drug trafficking, organized crime, encrypted communication data, social network analysis |
Auteurs | Irma Vermeulen, Melvin Soudijn en Wouter van der Leest |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
In recent years, the authorities have dismantled several encrypted phone providers. These providers stored millions of messages about covert activities that were overtly exchanged between criminals. This type of communication offers a unique insight into serious organized crime and the people involved. Based on one such intercepted encrypted phone network, called PGP-Safe, we carried out a social network analysis on the Dutch-speaking synthetic drug market. Three findings stand out. Firstly, three-quarters of all accounts (N=4,158) are interconnected in a giant component, resulting in a criminal small-world effect. Secondly, the network appears to be robust. As a consequence, the removal of central accounts will hardly have any impact on the network as a whole. Thirdly, the majority of the accounts within the synthetic drug market is involved in poly-drug trafficking. The Dutch synthetic drug market is much more closely intertwined with other drug markets than is commonly known. |
Redactioneel |
Drugscriminaliteit in de Lage LandenDe omvang(schatting) van de drugseconomie en de verwevenheid van de drugsindustrie met de wettige wereld in Nederland en België |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift voor Criminologie, Aflevering 2 2021 |
Trefwoorden | Drug trafficking, Drug production, Subversive crime, Drug economy, Narco state |
Auteurs | Robby Roks, Edward Kleemans en Arjan Blokland |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
As drug producing countries and logistical hubs, the Netherlands and Belgium are topping the worldwide charts in the field of international drug trafficking. For this reason, the Netherlands – and to a lesser extent Belgium – is depicted as a ‘narco state’ in the media and the political arena. Another term that is frequently used when it comes to crime problems related to drugs is ‘subversive crime’. In this introduction of the special issue on drug crime, the authors elaborate on two themes that are central to the terms ‘narco state’ and ‘subversive crime’: the size and estimates of the drug economy and the embeddedness of the drug industry in the legal world in the Netherlands and Belgium. |
Artikel |
Het grensgebied als waterbed voor drugscriminaliteit? |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift voor Criminologie, Aflevering 2 2021 |
Trefwoorden | displacement, cross-border crime, organized drug crime, policy effectiveness, balloon effect |
Auteurs | Rik Ceulen, Stephan Van Nimwegen en Toine Spapens |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
This paper concerns the question whether in the period 2011-2017 displacement effects occurred from the Netherlands to Belgium in the context of synthetic drugs production, cannabis cultivation, and retail of illicit drugs, and if so, how these may be explained. We conclude that displacement took place in modi operandi of retail drug dealers. This is explained foremost by the policy of banning non-residents from Dutch coffeeshops in border region municipalities. Dealers and traffickers responded by switching to local distribution in Belgium as well as deliveries by drug couriers. The synthetic drugs and cannabis cultivation markets show minor changes in modi operandi, but no changes occurred in choosing production locations. Displacement effects in the context of organized drug crime must be explained from a range of factors. Reality is therefore more complex than assuming that government interventions are the main cause of a balloon effect. |
Artikel |
‘Laat je niet misleiden door afwijkende prijzen’Een exploratieve studie naar de ambiguïteit van betrouwbaarheid van cocaïnedealers op Telegram Messenger |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift voor Criminologie, Aflevering 2 2021 |
Trefwoorden | drug dealing, trust, signaling theory, social media, netnography |
Auteurs | Robby Roks en Joëlle Hendriksen |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
In order to advance our understanding of digital drug markets on social media, this article examines the trustworthiness of cocaine dealers on Telegram Messenger. Based on an exploratory netnography, we illustrate that digital dealers on Telegram Messenger use a number of sales tactics to attract potential customers, emphasizing the quality of the goods and service and (competitive) pricing strategies. These sales tactics include various signals that seem intended to appear as trustworthy as possible to potential customers. Seen from the perspective of signaling theory, our study highlights the ambiguity of these signals that, depending on the online observer, could both signal trustworthiness and untrustworthiness. |
Artikel |
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Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift voor Criminologie, Aflevering 2 2021 |
Trefwoorden | cocaine trafficking, ping-pong trade, poly-drug trafficking, qualitative social network analysis, transnational networks of networks |
Auteurs | Vanessa Dirksen, Wouter van der Leest en Irma Vermeulen |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
This article describes traits of the hitherto underexposed transit trade of cocaine via the Netherlands, based on a qualitative social network analysis of a diversity of data. Research findings show that the transit trade via the Netherlands is dominated by poly-drug trafficking. It is noteworthy that streams of predominantly mono-drugs are entering the Netherlands, while mainly streams of poly-drugs are leaving the country. Our research furthermore shows that cocaine intended for European markets may be transited via the Netherlands to European countries to which the cocaine was initially imported. This is what we refer to as ping-pong trade. Another characteristic of the transit trade of cocaine via the Netherlands is that the actors involved, mainly coordinate parts of the cocaine supply chain. Although different groups within the cocaine distribution chain collaborate, this does not necessarily mean they actually know each other. Taken together, the organization of the distributive trade of cocaine is in this article positioned as an interdependent transnational network of networks (NoN). We suggest that future research into the transit trade of cocaine should apply such a transnational NoN perspective to fully grasp the interdependence of the micro and meso levels of the trade and, in so doing, ultimately comprehend the effect this may have on the macro level. |
Essay |
Onderzoeksmethoden in het antropoceenUitdagingen voor een groene criminologie |
Tijdschrift | Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit, Aflevering 1 2021 |
Trefwoorden | green criminology, environmental harm, non-anthropocentric perspectives, transspecies research |
Auteurs | Stephen Snelders en Nick Verouden |
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie |
This essay discusses green criminology in relation to the development of non-anthropocentric research perspectives in history and cultural anthropology. Green criminological concepts of ‘environmental harm’ and ‘ecocide’ turn doing harm to nature and ecosystems, even when legal, into object of criminological research. Historical research exploring a wider time frame deepens and enriches criminological understanding of, e.g., wildlife trafficking and climate change. According active agency to animals and other non-human actors and attempts to create a new language transcending human-nature dichotomies, as undertaken in transspecies or multispecies history, anthropology, and narratology, offer substantial contributions to green criminologies of everyday life. |