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Tijdschrift voor Criminologie

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Aflevering 1-2, 2023 Alle samenvattingen uitklappen
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Access_open Mensenrechten als toetssteen in het criminologisch onderzoek

Auteurs André van der Laan, Stefaan Pleysier en Ton Liefaard
Auteursinformatie

André van der Laan
Dr. A.M. van der Laan is senioronderzoeker en kennislijncoördinator Jeugdcriminaliteit bij het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum (WODC) van het Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid in Den Haag.

Stefaan Pleysier
Prof. dr. S. Pleysier is hoofddocent aan de Faculteit Rechtsgeleerdheid van de KU Leuven en coördinator van de Onderzoekslijn Jeugdcriminologie en Jeugdrecht aan het Leuvens Instituut voor Criminologie (LINC).

Ton Liefaard
Prof. dr. T. Liefaard is hoogleraar kinderrechten en bekleedt de UNICEF-leerstoel Kinderrechten in de Afdeling Jeugdrecht van de Universiteit Leiden.
Artikel

Access_open De Halt-interventie in het licht van het recht op participatie: theorie, werkwijze en de ervaringen van jeugdigen

Trefwoorden diversion, intervention, participation, Halt, CRC
Auteurs Marloes van der Linden en Marije Jeltes
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie

    This article examines which obligations the right to participation entails and to what extent the working method of Halt with regard to the Halt intervention – which aims to divert a child from the juvenile justice system when accused of a crime – complies with these obligations, and what the opinion is from young people who have experienced the Halt intervention about this working method. To this end, the following is discussed in succession: the international and European legal framework, the laws and regulations regarding the Halt intervention, the working method of Halt before, during and after the Halt intervention and the results from the surveys conducted among 515 young people who have completed a Halt intervention in 2020 or 2021. The research group is a selective and non-representative sample. According to the young people in the research group, the provision of information at the end of the Halt intervention needs improvement, as does the child-friendliness of the rooms in which the conversations are held. According to the respondents, the equality in the conversations with the Halt employee and the voluntary nature of the Halt intervention can also be improved. The presence of the parent(s) of the juvenile to improve the participation of juveniles is debatable on the basis of the research findings.


Marloes van der Linden
Mr. M.G.L. van der Linden is gerechtsjurist bij het team Jeugd van de rechtbank Rotterdam.

Marije Jeltes
Mr. drs. M. Jeltes is raadsheer in opleiding bij de afdeling strafrecht van het gerechtshof Amsterdam.
Artikel

Participatie van minderjarigen in de jeugdrechtbank: getuigenissen over de Vlaamse praktijk

Trefwoorden right to be heard, right to be taken into account, children rights, juvenile defendantsyouth law, juvenile justice
Auteurs Wendy De Bondt en Lisa Vercruysse
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie

    Juvenile defendants have the right to be heard and to participate during proceedings before the juvenile court. For participation to be effective, five steps elaborated by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child need to be taken into account: the preparation for the hearing, the hearing itself, the assessment of the capacity of the minor, the feedback to the minor, and the possibility to lodge a complaint or an appeal. Based on qualitative interviews with professionals and minors, this article examines the five steps in Flemish practice. The results show a variety of experiences and practices concerning participation due to a lack of regulation. As a result, effective participation now strongly depends on the will and competence of individual professionals.


Wendy De Bondt
Prof. dr. W. De Bondt is docent strafrecht, jeugdrecht en rechten van het kind bij het Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy en het Human Rights Centre en lid van van de Vakgroep Criminologie, Strafrecht en Sociaal Recht van de Universiteit Gent.

Lisa Vercruysse
L. Vercruysse is onderzoeker jeugdrecht bij het Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy en lid van de Vakgroep Criminologie, Strafrecht en Sociaal Recht van de Universiteit Gent.
Artikel

Participatie in het jeugdstrafrecht: in hoeverre ervaren jongeren procedurele rechtvaardigheid?

Trefwoorden youth criminal law, youth criminal process, fair trial, children’s rights, information
Auteurs Stephanie Rap
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie

    Participation of young suspects in the youth justice process is receiving increased attention. This article discusses two perspectives on participation. First, participation is interpreted in light of the right to a fair trial, as enshrined in international child and human rights standards. Second, participation is interpreted from the concept of procedural justice. The central research question is to what extent do young people imprisoned in a juvenile correctional facility experience procedural justice during the youth justice process? The results show that respondents experience a low level of procedural justice and that improvements in the youth justice process are possible in the areas of information provision and interaction between the different actors in the courtroom.


Stephanie Rap
Dr. S.E. Rap is universitair docent Forensische Orthopedagogiek aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam.
Artikel

De effectieve uitoefening van procedurele waarborgen in het kader van verdachtenverhoren: een analyse op basis van criminologisch-psychologische inzichten

Trefwoorden Suspects, Criminal proceedings, Procedural rights, Psychology and law, Vulnerability
Auteurs Lore Mergaerts
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie

    Statements provided by suspects during police questioning often still play a central role in criminal proceedings. Partly in light of the inevitable pressures associated with police questioning, the procedural rights of suspects in the context of police questioning have been strengthened in recent years at both European and national levels. However, such strengthened procedural safeguards are useful in practice only if suspects actually (can) exercise their rights. The findings of (mainly Anglo-Saxon) criminological-psychological research demonstrate that the effective exercise of procedural rights is by no means self-evident. In fact, the exercise of procedural rights can be hampered in practice by numerous psychological mechanisms and the dynamics inherent to the interaction between a suspect and the police and judicial authorities. Therefore, purely legal measures are insufficient to improve the effective exercise of procedural rights in practice. Thus, in addition to purely legal initiatives, other measures – such as awareness-raising and science-based training – are needed to facilitate the effective exercise of procedural rights by suspects in practice.


Lore Mergaerts
Dr. L. Mergaerts is postdoctoraal wetenschappelijk medewerker bij het Leuvens Instituut voor Criminologie van de KU Leuven en docent bij het Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies van de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam.
Artikel

Recht op een eerlijk proces voldoende gewaarborgd?

Empirisch onderzoek naar de onderliggende beleidslogica van de Wet raadsman bij het politieverhoor en het handelen van politie en advocatuur

Trefwoorden suspect rights, legal advice, lawyer, police interrogation
Auteurs Willem-Jan Verhoeven en Teun Geurts
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie

    Based on earlier empirical research, this contribution investigates how the Counsel in Police Interrogation Act, which was implemented in 2017, works out in practice. The authors analyse the data in two steps. First, based on existing documents and interviews, the underlying policy theory is reconstructed. Second, based on questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, observations, registries and investigation files, an overview is provided about the way in which investigating officers and lawyers actually act. The policy theory shows that specific acts of investigating officers and lawyers are required to reach legislation’s proposed goals. In practice, investigating officers and lawyers generally act as expected according to the legislation. Yet, under certain conditions, adequate legal aid provision is dependent on the individual way investigating officers and lawyers act and the opportunity structure in which they operate. The empirical results raise the question whether the Counsel in Police Interrogation Act sufficiently contributes to safeguarding the fundamental right to a fair trial.


Willem-Jan Verhoeven
Dr. J.T.M. Verhoeven is als onderzoeker werkzaam bij het WODC/IWB, Kennislijn Rechtsbestel.

Teun Geurts
Dr. T. Geurts is als onderzoeker werkzaam bij het WODC/IWB, Kennislijn Rechtsbestel.
Artikel

Evalueren van justitieel sanctiebeleid langs meerdere criteria

Doen mensenrechten ook mee?

Trefwoorden Youth Justice, Juvenile Justice, Human rights, Public policy evaluation, Effectiveness
Auteurs André van der Laan en Kirti Zeijlmans
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie

    The focus of evaluation studies sanctions or sanction policy is mainly on the effectiveness of outcome, such as reducing recidivism. Public policy evaluations (PPEs) often use a more broad evaluation framework, including contribution analysis and multiple evaluation criteria. These evaluations are not limited to effectiveness, but focus also on relevance, goal attainment, efficiency, or coordination of the policy. Moreover, PPE recommends incorporating policy specific criteria, such as evaluating human rights in practice. This framework was adopted in a post hoc evaluation of the Adolescent Criminal Law (ACL).
    This case study focused on the sanctioning of young adult offenders aged 18 up to and including 22 years old with a juvenile sanction in the Netherlands. In order to evaluate multiple criteria, a range of methods and sources was used, including a literature review, reconstruction of the policy theory, empirical analysis of registration data, a quasi-experiment, interviews with practitioners, and analysis of court decisions. Results showed that ACL has theoretical relevance to stimulate desistance from a criminal career, and that the forensic advice and sanctioning with a juvenile sanction increased as expected over time. However, juvenile sanctioning of young adult offenders showed a negative or null-effect on recidivism. Bottlenecks in practice can explain these mixed effects, such as a non-specified target group, variation across the Netherlands in forensic advice and opposed sanctions, and limited access to juvenile forensic services. Indications of bottlenecks in the ability to comply with human rights were also found, such as a lack of transparency and equality in the application of adolescent criminal law. The relevance of complying with human rights in practice is discussed in the light of contemporary resocialization theories.


André van der Laan
Dr. A.M. van der Laan is senioronderzoeker en kennislijncoördinator Jeugdcriminaliteit bij het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum (WODC) van het Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid in Den Haag.

Kirti Zeijlmans
Dr. K. Zeijlmans is onderzoeker bij het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum (WODC) van het Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid in Den Haag.
Artikel

Never waste a good complaint

Een empirisch kinderrechtenperspectief op het Vlaamse klachtrecht in jeugdinstellingen

Trefwoorden children’s rights, juvenile justice, complaints, juveniles, youth institutions
Auteurs Esther de Graaf en Els Dumortier
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie

    How children’s rights and more specifically the right to complain functions in youth institutions remains fairly unexplored territory. Nevertheless, insight into the role of the right to complain in practice is of the utmost importance. Children and young people do have certain rights, following international treaties and also often national regulations, but whether and how those rights ultimately improve the participation and legal/power position of children remains underexposed. Therefore, in this contribution the authors argue for an ‘empirical children’s rights perspective’, in which children’s rights are not mere legal-theoretical touchstones, but tools that actors (both professionals and minors) mobilize (or not) in a given context. From such an empirical children’s rights perspective, understanding the practice and context in which children’s rights (should) be applied is very important. Indeed, an empirical children’s rights perspective starts from the premise that it is the context that determines how professionals and minors mobilize (or not) children’s rights. The Flemish complaint law in juvenile institutions is, from an empirical children’s rights perspective, a unique case, because it has only had a formal basis since 2017. Thanks to the empirical research that the authors have conducted (observations and interviews), this contribution offers, on the one hand and foremost, important insights into the functioning of the right to complain in a Flemish youth institution. On the other hand, this contribution also sheds light on the changes and problems the authors observe in the transition from an informal to a formal right to complain in Flemish youth institutions. Furthermore, the unexpected impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the introduction of formal complaint law is also discussed in this contribution. In their conclusion, the authors emphasize the importance and implications of an ‘empirical children’s rights perspective’ both in terms of research and the idea and theory of children’s rights themselves.


Esther de Graaf
Dr. E. de Graaf is postdoctoraal onderzoeker bij de Vakgroep Criminologie, CRiS Research Group, van de Vrije Universiteit Brussel.

Els Dumortier
Prof. dr. E. Dumortier is professor jeugdcriminologie bij de Vakgroep Criminologie, CRiS Research Group, van de Vrije Universiteit Brussel.
Artikel

Over de grenzen van de wet: het spanningsveld tussen de bestuurlijke aanpak van ‘outlaw motorcycle gangs’ en fundamentele rechten

Trefwoorden administrative approach, mayors, human rights, outlaw motorcycle gangs
Auteurs Teun van Ruitenburg en Joep Koornstra
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie

    Municipal authorities play an important role in preventing and disrupting (organized) crime. With the administrative approach to outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCG), this is reflected, among other things, in the initiation of stop conversations, and in the way in which local catering regulations and the general local ordinance are adjusted to make it more difficult for OMCG-members to visibly participate in society. On the basis of a criminological-legal analysis, the authors show how this approach can interfere with human rights enshrined in the Dutch constitution, in particular the right to freedom of association (art. 8), the right to freedom of assembly (art. 9) and the right to freedom of expression (art. 7, par. 3).


Teun van Ruitenburg
Dr. T. van Ruitenburg is postdoc onderzoeker bij het Nederlands Studiecentrum Criminaliteit en Rechtshandhaving (NSCR).

Joep Koornstra
Mr. J. Koornstra is universitair docent staats- en bestuursrecht bij de Vakgroep Staatsrecht, Bestuursrecht en Bestuurskunde van de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RUG) en als onderzoeker en docent verbonden aan het Centrum voor Openbare Orde en Veiligheid.
Artikel

Meisjes in de jeugdstrafrechtspleging: een status aparte?

Over het gelijkheidsbeginsel en de behandeling van meisjes in het Nederlandse jeugdstrafrecht

Trefwoorden youth justice, juvenile justice, girls, gender, children’s rights
Auteurs Yannick van den Brink en Anne-Marie Slotboom
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie

    This article provides insights into differences and similarities in characteristics, treatment and punishment of girls compared to boys in the youth justice system. Empirical evidence on this issue is limited, certainly in the Netherlands. Nevertheless, there is some evidence of differences in treatment and punishment between girls and boys. This article reflects on the question to what extent differentiation between girls and boys in the youth justice system is justified from a criminological perspective and how this relates to the principle of equality and non-discrimination, laid down in Article 2 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.


Yannick van den Brink
Mr. dr. Y.N. van den Brink is universitair hoofddocent Straf(proces)recht aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, fellow bij het Nederlands Studiecentrum Criminaliteit en Rechtshandhaving (NSCR) en rechter-plaatsvervanger bij de rechtbank Den Haag.

Anne-Marie Slotboom
Dr. M. Slotboom is universitair hoofddocent Criminologie aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
Artikel

Bedrijven vangen in een net van regulering

Effectieve regulering van mensenrechtenschendingen en milieuschade in theorie en praktijk

Trefwoorden corporate crime, human rights violations, environmental crime, regulation, globalization
Auteurs Annika van Baar en Wim Huisman
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie

    Recent court cases illustrate how harmful activities by Western multinational corporations can inflict vast harms on people and planet, mostly in non-Western communities. This article first proposes a model for potentially successful regulation of corporations that compromise human rights and the environment. This model is then applied to the cases of Shell in Nigeria, Soco International in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Veolia and HeidelbergCement in Occupied Palestinian Territories. The analyses show that the net of regulation can be closed in multiple ways. The case studies illustrate how civil society plays crucial roles in closing existing holes.


Annika van Baar
Dr. A. van Baar is universitair docent aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.

Wim Huisman
Prof. dr. W. Huisman is hoogleraar aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.

Joep Lindeman
Mr. dr. J.M.W. Lindeman is als universitair hoofddocent straf(proces)recht verbonden aan het Montaigne Centrum voor Rechtsstaat en Rechtspleging en het Willem Pompe Instituut voor Strafrechtswetenschappen van de Universiteit Utrecht.